Stock photography is the supply of photographs licensed for specific uses. It is used to fulfill the needs of creative assignments instead of hiring a photographer. Today, stock images can be presented in searchable online databases. They can be purchased and delivered online. Often, they are produced in studios using a wide variety of models posing as professionals, stereotypes, expressing stereotypical emotions and gesticulations or involving pets.

Industry structure

Getty Images, Corbis and Sipa Press are the three largest traditional stock photography agencies in terms of revenue. They offer mostly photographs that have been shot by professional photographers. There are many alternative photo agencies which specialize in certain fields of stock photography, such as Photo Researchers. Stock photography is also available through microstock photography services, through which photographs sell more cheaply but in greater volume.

Whereas Getty and Corbis own the copyright to many of the images they sell, companies like Alamy sell images on behalf of major collections and individual photographers and agencies.

There are 3 different Stock photography. 1. Macro stock: High priced and exclusive stock photography, also known as traditional stock photography

2. Mid stock: Stock photography priced between micro stock and macro stock

3. Micro stock: Low priced and inclusive stock photography

Images are filed at an agency that negotiates licensing fees on the photographer's behalf in exchange for a percentage, or in some cases owns the images outright. Pricing is determined by size of audience or readership, how long the image is to be used, country or region where the images will be used and whether royalties are due to the image creator or owner. Often, an image can be licensed for less than $200, or in the case of the microstock photography websites as little as $1 for a low resolution license.

With Rights Managed stock photography an individual licensing agreement is negotiated for each use. Royalty-free stock photography offers a photo buyer the ability to use an image in an unlimited number of ways for a single license fee. The client may, however, request "exclusive" rights, preventing other customers from using the same image for a specified length of time or in the same industry. Such sales can command many thousands of dollars, both because they tend to be high-exposure and because the agency is gambling that the image would not have made more money had it remained in circulation. However, with royalty free licensing there is no option for getting exclusive usage rights.

Some stock photography sites offer low-resolution photography free for the purpose of preparing advertising comps to demonstrate a design. If the advertiser decides to use the image, the rights to use the high-resolution image then can be negotiated or purchased directly from the website.

Professional stock photographers place their images with one or more stock agencies on a contractual basis, with a defined commission basis and for a specified contract term. Some photographers fund their own photo shoots, or develop imagery in cooperation with an agency, while others submit photographs originally produced as part of editorial (magazine) or commercial assignments.

Overview

Royalty-free (RF)

"Free" in this context means "free of royalties (paying each time you use an image)". It does not mean the image is free to use without purchasing a license or that the image is in the public domain.

Pay a one-time fee to use the image multiple times for multiple purposes (with limits).

No time limit on when the buyer can use an image.

No one can have exclusive rights of a Royalty-free image (the photographer can sell the image as many times as he or she wants).

A Royalty-free image usually has a limit to how many times the buyer can reproduce it. For example, a license might allow the buyer to print 500,000 brochures with the purchased image. The amount of copies made is called the print run. The buyer is required to pay a fee per brochure, usually 1 to 3 cents, for additional prints. Magazines with a large print run cannot use a standard Royalty-free license and therefore they either purchase images with a Rights-managed license or have in-house photographers.

Rights-managed (RM)

(sometimes called "licensed images")

The value of a license is determined by the use of the image, which is generally broken down along these lines;

*Usage: (e.g. Advertising - "Above the Line", Corporate - "Below the Line" or Editorial - "News Media")

*Specific Use: (e.g. Billboard, Annual Report, Newspaper article)

*Duration: (e.g. 1 month, 2 months, 1 Year, 2 Years etc.)

*Print Run: (e.g. up to 10,000, up to 1m)

*Territory: (e.g.; USA, Europe, UK, Germany, or whatever combination of territories are required)

*Size: (how big is the image to be used - 1/4 page, 1/2 page, full page, or double page spread)

*Industry: (Industry type - e.g. Consumer Electronics, Marine Engineering, Financial Services etc.)

*Exclusivity: (Exclusive, or Non Exclusive)

The terms of the license are clearly defined and negotiated so that the purchaser receives maximum value, and is protected in their purchase by a certain level of exclusivity.

Rights-managed licenses provide assurance that an image will not be used by someone else in a conflicting manner. The agreement can include exclusivity, and usually recognises that this represents added value. Not all Rights-managed licenses are exclusive, that must be stipulated in the agreement.

A Rights-managed image usually allows a much larger print run per image than a Royalty-free license.

Editorial is a form of rights-managed license when there are no releases for the subjects. Since there are no releases the images cannot be used for advertising or to depict controversial subjects, only for news or educational purposes.

Features

An important feature of web-based stock photography collections is that the images have been embedded with meta-data, therefore making the images searchable by using keywords.

History

Newspapers and magazines were first able to reproduce photographs instead of line drawings in the mid-1880s with the invention of the half-tone printing press. Initially starting with staff photographers, eventually independent free-lance photographers took over.

One of the first major stock photography agencies was founded in 1920 by H. Armstrong Roberts, which continues today under the name RobertStock.

For many years, stock photography consisted largely of outtakes ("seconds") from commercial magazine assignments. By the 1980s, it had become a specialty in its own right, with photographers creating new material for the express purpose of submitting it to a stock house. Agencies attempted to become more sophisticated about following and anticipating the needs of advertisers and communicating these needs to photographers. Photographs were composed with more of an eye for how they might look when combined with other elements; for example, a photo might be shot vertically with space at the top and down the left side, with the conscious intention that it might be licensed for use as a magazine cover.

The 1980s saw a surge of interest into stock photography by individual freelance amateur and hobbyist photographers spurred on by the publication of a book series (5 editions 1981-1999) “Sell&ReSell your Photos”, Writer’s Digest Books, -Rohn Engh.

In the 1990s, a period of consolidation followed, with Getty Images and Corbis becoming the two largest companies as a result of acquisitions. Today, stock photography companies have largely moved online. In the early 2000s, Jupitermedia Corporation started buying some of the smaller players in the market, aggregating them under the banner of their Jupiterimages division, and became the third largest player in the market. The availability of the internet provided a means for other, smaller companies to get a foothold in the industry.

In the year 2000, istockphoto, a microstock image exchange website, began which later impacted the stock photo industry by driving prices of royalty-free images down as low as $1 per image. It was done because of the recent availability of high-resolution digital cameras in the mass market and the ability for amateur photographers to upload their images and share on the website.

In 2004 Dreamstime, Shutterstock and Fotolia evolved existing models of image sharing and became established players, followed by many other smaller agencies. The trend was continued by fotoLibra in 2004 and in 2005 Scoopt started a photo news agency for citizen journalism enabling the public to upload and sell breaking news images taken with cameraphones. In 2007 Scoopt was purchased by Getty Images, which closed it in 2009. In 2008, Cutcaster created a stock photography marketplace where buyers could purchase images at a price set by the photographer or let buyers name their price by submitting a bid, which a photographer could accept, reject or submit a new offer back to the buyer.

See also

List of online image archives

Microstock photography

Photography

Retrofile

Stock footage

References

* Category:Photo archives Category:Photography by genre

cs:Fotobanka de:Stockfotografie es:Fotografía de stock fa:عکاسی آرشیوی fr:Banque d'images ja:ストック写真 pt:Banco de imagens ru:Стоковая фотография si:ඡායාරූප එකතු

Name	Kendrick Lamar
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kendrick Lamar Duckworth
Alias	K. Dot
Birth date	June 17, 1987
Origin	Compton, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Rapper, songwriter
Genre	Hip hop
Years active	2009–present
Label	Top Dawg, Aftermath, Interscope
Associated acts	Dr. Dre, Black Hippy, Jay Rock, Ab-Soul, J. Cole, Danny Brown, Schoolboy Q, Childish Gambino
Website	}}

Kendrick Lamar Duckworth (born June 17, 1987),is an American rapper and songwriter from Compton, California currently signed to Aftermath Entertainment. He first gained major attention after the release of his 2010 mixtape ''Overly Dedicated''. In 2011, his album ''Section.80'', released exclusively through iTunes, instantly ranked as one of the top digital hip hop releases of the year. Lamar has amassed a large internet following, is a member of hip hop collective Black Hippy, along with Jay Rock, Schoolboy Q and Ab-Soul, and has worked with Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, Wiz Khalifa, Game, Drake, Busta Rhymes and Tech N9ne among other popular artists.

Biography

1987-2009: Early life and career beginnings

Kendrick Lamar was born in Compton, California, a community southeast of Los Angeles city limits, to parents from Chicago, Illinois. At the age of eight, in 1995 Lamar witnessed his idols, Tupac Shakur and Dr. Dre film the music video for their hit single "California Love," a very significant moment in Lamar's life. In 2003 at the young age of sixteen Lamar released his first mixtape, ''Youngest Head Nigga In Charge'' under the name K. Dot. The mixtape was able to garner enough attention for Lamar to get a record deal with Top Dawg Entertainment, a Los Angelos-based independent record label. He then released a twenty-six track mixtape two years later titled ''Training Day''. More recognition came Lamar's way after a video of a Charles Hamilton show surfaced, where Hamilton goes in the crowd and battles rappers at attendance. Lamar didn't hesitate and began rapping a verse over East Flatbush Project's "Tried By 12", that would later appear on a track titled "West Coast Wu-Tang". In 2008 Lamar made a cameo appearance on Jay Rock's "All My Life (In the Ghetto)" music video. After receiving a co-sign from Lil Wayne, he released his third mixtape in 2009 titled ''C4'', heavily themed around ''Tha Carter III'' LP. Soon after, he decided to drop his stage name K. Dot and go by his real name. This resulted in him releasing a self-titled EP; the ''Kendrick Lamar EP'' in late 2009.

2010–2011: ''Overly Dedicated'' and ''Section.80''

In 2010 he toured with Tech N9ne and Jay Rock on ''The Independent Grind'' tour. On September 23, 2010 he released ''O(verly) D(edicated)'' a highly acclaimed mixtape that included a song titled "Ignorance is Bliss" in which he glorifies gangsta rap and street crime but ends each verse with "ignorance is bliss" giving the message "we know not what we do". It was that song specifically that made hip hop producer Dr. Dre want to work with Lamar. This led to him working with Dre and Snoop Dogg on Dre's ''Detox'' album and him considering signing to Aftermath Entertainment. In January 2011 Lamar said his debut album was 90% finished.

In early 2011 Lamar was featured on XXL Magazine's 2011 Freshman cover along with Cyhi Da Prynce, Yelawolf, Lil B, Big K.R.I.T. and Diggy Simmons among others. On July 2, 2011 Lamar released his third solo project ''Section.80'' to critical acclaim. It included features from GLC, Colin Munroe, Schoolboy Q, Ab-Soul and production from longtime collaborator Sounwave, Wyldfyer, Terrace Martin, J. Cole and more. On the topic of whether ''Section.80'' would be an album or a mixtape Lamar said "I treat every project like it’s an album anyway. It’s not gonna be nothing leftover. I never do nothing like that. These are my leftover songs y’all can have ‘em, nah. I’m gonna put my best out. My best effort. I’m tryna look for an album in 2012". The first single for ''Section.80'' was 'the J. Cole produced track "HiiiPower", the concept was to further explain the HiiiPower movement. ''Section.80'' went on to sell over 10,000 copies in its first week without any television or radio coverage and received many very positive reviews. In the second half of 2011, Kendrick Lamar appeared on Game's ''The R.E.D. Album'', Tech N9ne's ''All 6's and 7's'', 9th Wonder's ''The Wonder Years'' and Drake's ''Take Care.

In August 2011, while onstage with Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre and Game, at the West Los Angeles concert, the three of them crowned him the "New King of the West Coast"

2012–present: ''Good Kid in a Mad City''

On February 15, 2012 a song titled "Cartoons & Cereal" featuring Gunplay was leaked. Lamar revealed later that the track was for his upcoming album and he was planning to shoot a video for it.

In March 2012, MTV announced that Top Dawg Entertainment, the independent record label Lamar is signed to, have closed a joint venture deal with Interscope Records and Aftermath Entertainment, marking the end of his career as an independent artist. Under the new deal, Kendrick Lamar’s projects, including his upcoming debut studio album ''Good Kid in a Mad City'' will be jointly released via Top Dawg, Aftermath and Interscope, while releases from the rest of Black Hippy will be distributed via Top Dawg and Interscope.

Lamar premiered "The Recipe", his debut single and the lead single from ''Good Kid in a Mad City'', at Power 106 on April 2, 2012. The track was released for digital download the following day. The song was produced by Scoop DeVille and features Dr. Dre.

Personal life

In high school, Centennial in Compton, Lamar was a good student. Lamar said that he has seen relatives who have died in his dreams for years. Tupac Shakur is also his favorite rapper, and influences not only his music, but his day-to-day lifestyle as well. In terms of subject matter, Kendrick Lamar has often been compared to Tupac Shakur.

Discography

''Section.80'' (2011)

''Good Kid in a Mad City'' (2012)

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:1987 births Category:American rappers Category:African American rappers Category:People from Compton, California Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California Category:West Coast hip hop musicians Category:Interscope Records artists Category:Aftermath Entertainment artists

hr:Kendrick Lamar

Name	Dom Kennedy
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Dominic Hunn
Alias	DOM
Born	August 22, 1984 Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Origin	Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California
Genre	West Coast hip hop
Occupation	Rapper
Years active	2008–present
Label	OpM - Other People's Money (Independent)
Associated acts	Pac Div, Casey Veggies, Skeme, J Skillz, Drew Byrd, Brandun DeShay, cARTer, ScHoolboy Q, Polyester The Saint, Kendrick Lamar, Curren$y
Website	DopeItsDom , Twitter , Myspace }}

Dominic Hunn (born August 22, 1984), better known by his stage name Dom Kennedy, is an American rapper from Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California. Since 2008, Kennedy has released 5 Independent record label mixtapes, most notably his 2010 "critically acclaimed mixtape" ''From the Westside with Love''. His 1st studio album ''From the Westside with Love II'' released on iTunes June 28, 2011. As his debut commercial album, ''From the Westside with Love II'' is also Kennedy's first album associated with The OpM Company, Kennedy's self established record label.

Early life

Dom Kennedy was born on August 22, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. In an interview with music media outlet IMFlashy, Kennedy describes his childhood growing up as "normal". After his parents' divorce, Kennedy moved with his mother to Leimert Park. Within the first hours of dropping the mixtape, Kennedy amassed over 10,000 downloads, officially solidifying his name among some of the top rappers in L.A.

However, with the release of ''From the Westside With Love'' in 2010, Kennedy became a major hit throughout the underground hip hop scene L.A. Gaining over 100,000 internet downloads, Kennedy began receiving praise from many established figures within the game. As reported by Texas based, major music festival South by Southwest, "Dom Kennedy has been verbally endorsed by many, including The Hundreds, Kenny Burns, Rick Ross, Taz Arnod of Sa-Ra, 9th Wonder, Murs, The Game, Justice League, DJ Mormile, Alchemist (producer), and Don Cannon just to name a few". With the success of ''From the Westside With Love'', Kennedy became a major player on the independent circuit, traveling for performances throughout and outside the country; including a show in Dijibouti, Africa. Kennedy also began releasing an extensive amount of visual material at this time, including ''From the Westside With Love'' music videos for songs such as "1997", "Locals Only", and "The 4 Heartbeats".

In early 2011, Kennedy released his 5th studio mixtape ''The Original Dom Kennedy'', a tape meant to reflect Kennedy's individuality and sound as an artist. In an interview with MTV News reporter James Lacsina, Kennedy described the project as something that was a testament to himself in the rap game as well as the city he proudly represents:

"...with ''The Original Dom Kennedy'', it was a time for me to take a stand in music. The way we grew up and our lifestyle, being kids from the inner city of Los Angeles. I just felt like that was missing,". On his song "The Homies", Kennedy takes shots at Flex's disparaging remarks regarding the late California rapper Tupac Shakur: ''"Shit I heard Funk Flex say that Pac ain't shit/ and I hope when you see him that he slap your mouth/"''

Influences

Kennedy is often heard proclaiming his hometown rep one liner "Leimert Park what's cool". As a kid, Kennedy describes himself as being highly influenced by artists such as "The Notorious B.I.G., Outkast, and LL Cool J" through the fact that by simply listening to their music, he could feel a sense of where they were from. With his music, Kennedy does the same thing, bringing the feel of the inner city streets of L.A. to anyone willing to listen. In an interview with Hip Hop DX, Kennedy talks about the influence behind the L.A. sound in his music:

"If anything, and I can only speak for myself, I think that I’m trying to do it like DJ Quik did it, or Ice Cube did it, but this is just my way of doing it therefore I guess it’s natural. But I’m not trying to do anything, you know, different or to say, ‘This is new.’... I set out to do it the way they did it, just in my own way".

Kennedy has rapped over a wide range of past and present hip hop beats in his career, consistently bringing the element of L.A. and West Coast hip hop to his music. Such beats include Big Poppa on the track "Notorious Dom" ''(25th Hour)'' and Best I Ever Had (Drake song) on the track "Best You Never Had" ''(Best After Bobby)''. South by Southwest reports major music executive John Monopoly as saying "He is going to get signed".

Performances

Kennedy has performed in a wide variety of venues from local clubs in L.A. to the campus of Georgetown University. In 2010, Kennedy performed a major, hip hop music festival Paid Dues in San Bernardino, California. Other performer included those such as People Under the Stairs, Curren$y, and Jake One.

In 2011, Kennedy performed at premier film festival South by Southwest's Music Matters Show in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The show was hosted by cable entertainment network Black Entertainment Television. Both his performance and that of East Coast rapper J. Cole's were featured online by major, hip hop music magazine The Source (magazine). Kennedy performed his first show outside of the U.S. also in 2011 in Dijibouti, Africa.

Following the release of ''From the Westside With Love II'', Kennedy headlined at The Key Club in West Hollywood, California alongside fellow West Coast rappers Overdoz, Epic Twelve, and Black Cobain. Marketed as the show on "7.1.11", the event was sold out, prompting another show the following week, marketed as the "7.7.11" show.

Endorsements & Marketing

Outside of the music realm, Kennedy is also an avid promoter of fashion, appearing on the Sneaker Pimps Tour in Los Angeles back in 2007. "Sneaker Pimps is the worlds largest touring sneaker hip-hop lifestyle exhibition", featuring celebrity autographed sneakers as well as live music performances by collaborating artists. Past artists to appear include: Nas, Lupe Fiasco, DJ Premier, Public Enemy, Bun B, Redman, Pete Rock, along with many others. In 2009, Kennedy co-signed with California based clothing line and marketing agency The Hundreds.

After the release of his ''Original Dom Kennedy'' mixtape, Dom was featured on the cover of Jenesis Magazine as part of their 4th Year Anniversary.

Kennedy is also one of the front running young rappers associated with the JUST BE COOL Campaign and LAx Paperboys. He is often heard promoting the global, lifestyle brand through lines in his raps such as "just be cool". During an interview with BarrelHouse BKLYN, Kennedy describes the movement as something that started with a crew of inner city kids in L.A. who "just wanted to do something positive".

Discography

Mixtapes

25th Hour (2008)

FutureStreet/DrugSounds (2009)

Best After Bobby: Mixed by LA Leakers (2009)

From The Westside With Love (2010)

The Original Dom Kennedy (2011)

From The Westside With Love 2 (2011)

Commercial Albums

From The Westside With Love II (2011)

Yellow Album (2012)

Guest Appearances

"The Life I Know" with cARTer

"Cooking Up" with cARTer

"Cali's Finest" from cARTer's mixtape ''Legal Trappin''

"The Preview" with cARTter

"Friends. Women. Money" from Fly.Union's album ''TGTC''

"Like That" from Fly.Union mixtape ''Value Pack 4''

"Don't Forget the Swishers" from Pac Div mixtape ''Don't Mention it''

"Everybody Knows Us" from Pac Div mixtape ''Don't Mention it''

"Fat Raps Remix" from Big Sean's mixtape ''Finally Famous Vol. 3: BIG''

"She Needs Me Remix" from Kendrick Lamar's mixtape ''Overly Dedicated''

"GoodTalk" from Smoke DZA mixtape ''George Kush Da Button''

"Show Her The Way" from Terrace Martin's mixtape ''Here, My Dear''

"No Stress" from Skeme's mixtape ''The Statement''

"LA Night" from Skeme's mixtape ''Pistols & Palm Trees''

"Racing Stripes" from Curren$y's mixtape ''Smokee Robinson''

"Real Estates" from Curren$y's album ''Pilot Talk II''

"Counting My Money" from OverDoz. mixtape ''Live For, Die For''

"Time" with Juicy J

"Bun B For President" with J. Cole

"2 Sports Cars" with CurT@!n$

"Right Back" with brandUn DeShay

"Weekend Chic" with Polyester

"Get Through" from Casey Veggie's ''Sleeping In Class''

"Miss Donna Karan" from L.A.U.S.D. mixtape ''L.A.U.S.D. Presents: Curly Tops & Nautica Jackets''

"L.A. To Chicago" from G.o.D. Jewels mixtape ''Glory or Death''

"Hennesy Beach" from Curren$y's mixtape ''Verde Terrace''

"There They Go" from Freddie Gibbs' mixtape ''Fuckin Wit Fred''

"Ridin' Roun Town (Remix)" from Casey Veggie's ''Sleeping In Class: Deluxe Edition''

"I Need That" from Nipsey Hussle's mixtape ''The Marathon Continues''

"Menace II Society" from Freddie Gibbs' mixtape ''Cold Day In Hell''

"Smoke On" from Statik Selektah's album ''Population Control''

"Pow Wow" from Smoke DZA's album ''Rolling Stoned'' & Jet Life's (Curren$y's rap group) collaboration album ''Jet World Order'' (Bonus Loud Pack edition)

"Grooveline Pt. 1" from Schoolboy Q's album ''Habits & Contradictions''

"Doing My Thang" from Le$ mixtape ''Menace''

"Playa For Life" from Too Short's album ''No Trespassing''

References

External links

DopeItsDom

Paid Dues Independent Music Hip Hop Festival Archives

SXSW Music

LAxpaperboys.com

Justbecool.net

Category:Living people Category:African American rappers Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:American rappers Category:Rappers from California Category:West Coast hip hop Category:Underground rappers Category:1984 births